Proceso de implementación de una iniciativa de atención a mujeres en postaborto en Chile, 2016-2020 / The implementation process of a post-abortion healthcare initiative in Chile, 2016-2020

Objetivo: Analizar el proceso de implementación de una iniciativa de calidad de atención en el postaborto en tres hospitales de Santiago de Chile para su posterior escalamiento al ámbito nacional. Método: Se efectuó un estudio cualitativo, con base en una revisión documental sustentada en documentos normativos emitidos por el Ministerio de Salud y 23 entrevistas semiestructuradas a tomadores de decisiones, profesionales de salud y usuarias. Se realizó un análisis de contenido usando el programa Atlas-ti 8. Resultados: A nivel normativo, se identificaron acciones relacionadas con la implementación de la iniciativa, y a nivel de proceso se identificaron los aciertos, las dificultades y las resistencias que experimentaron los equipos involucrados en el piloto durante su implementación. A pesar de que la implementación de la iniciativa no fue planificada, tuvo efectos positivos para el bienestar de las mujeres y el desempeño de los profesionales de atención implicados en el proceso. Conclusiones: Esta experiencia es un punto de partida para planear la implementación nacional con base en estrategias bien definidas. Los resultados aportan una experiencia documentada para quienes desean desarrollar iniciativas o programas de atención a mujeres en situación de postaborto.

Objective: To analyze the implementation process of a quality post-abortion care initiative in three hospitals in Santiago de Chile for its subsequent scale up at the national level. Method: A qualitative study was carried out, based on a documentary review supported by governmental normative documents issued by the Ministry of Health and 23 semi-structured interviews with decision-makers, health providers and users. Content analysis was performed using the Atlas-ti 8 software. Results: At the regulatory level, actions related to the implementation of the initiative were identified, and at the process level, the success, difficulties and resistance experienced by the teams involved in the pilot during its implementation were identified. Although the implementation of the initiative was not planned, it had positive effects on the well-being of the women and the performance of the care providers involved in the process. Conclusions: This experience is a starting point to plan implementation at the national level with well-defined strategies. Our results provide a documented experience for those who wish to develop post-abortion care initiatives or programs.

Manejo conservador de retención de productos de la concepción con anticonceptivos orales combinados / Conservative Management of Retained Products of Conception with Combined Oral Contraceptives. Case Report

Objetivo: presentar el caso de una paciente con retención de productos de la concepción (RPC) después de aborto médico, tratada con anticonceptivos orales combinados (ACOC), y efectuar revisión de la literatura. Caso Clínico: paciente de 37 años, con sangrado genital escaso y leve dolor pélvico, quien tuvo aborto provocado con misoprostol cuatro días antes, acude sin signos de infección, con endometrio mixto de 18,5 mm. Durante seis semanas de seguimiento persiste sangrado y endometrio mixto engrosado, con disminución lenta de la gonadotrofina corionica humana (GCH); se sospecha RPC, se suministra ciclo de ACOC y al terminarlos expulsa completamente el tejido retenido. Metodología: búsqueda bibliográfica en bases de datos Google Scholar, Science Direct, RIMA, PubMed. Revisión de literatura: la RPC se presenta después de parto o aborto (más frecuente). Criterios diagnósticos: sangrado persistente, hallazgos ecográficos y medición de GCH. Diagnóstico diferencial: enfermedad trofoblastica gestacional y malformaciones arteriovenosas uterinas. Es factible el manejo conservador, con bajas tasas de infección o procedimientos quirúrgicos. Ante la evolución prolongada, presencia de signos de infección o hemorragia importante, se impone la evacuación quirúrgica, tradicionalmente con dilatación y legrado, y más recientemente resección histeroscópica. La bibliografía reciente sugiere el uso de ACOC como manejo médico. En nuestro caso, la paciente tomó un ciclo de ACOC y al terminarlos presentó expulsión de los restos retenidos. Conclusiones: el manejo conservador de la RPC con ACOC surge como una opción en casos seleccionados; son necesarios estudios controlados para definir su utilidad..Au

Objective: to report the case of a patient with retained products of conception (RPC) after a medical abortion, successfully treated with combined oral contraceptives (COCs), and to review the literature. Clinical case: a 37-year-old patient, with little genital bleeding and slight pelvic pain, who had had a misoprostol-induced abortion four days before consulting, she attended without signs of infection, with a thikened 18.5 mm mixed endometrium. After six weeks follow-up genital bleeding and thickened mixed endometrium persist, with a slow decrease in human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), RPC is suspected, and a COC cycle is administered, when finished, she completely expelled the retained tissue. Methodology: Google Scholar, Science Direct, RIMA and PubMed databases were searched. Literature review: RPC occurs after delivery or abortion (more frequent), diagnostic criteria: persistent bleeding, ultrasound findings and HCG measurement; the differential diagnosis includes gestational trophoblastic disease and uterine arteriovenous malformations. Conservative management is feasible, with low rates of infection or surgical procedures, however, in case of prolonged evolution, evident signs of infection or significant bleeding, surgical evacuation is required, traditionally with dilation and curettage, and more recently hysteroscopic resection. Novel bibliography suggests the use of ACOC as medical management. In our case, the patient took a cycle of COC and at the end she expelled the retained remains. Conclusions: conservative management of RPC with COC arises as an option in selected cases, controlled trails are needed to define its usefulness..Au

Acretismo placentario en el primer trimestre del embarazo como causa de choque hipovolémico: reporte de un caso / Placentary acretism in the first quarter of pregnancy as a cause of hypovolemic shock: a case report

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: El acretismo es la adherencia anormal de la placenta al miometrio debida a la ausencia parcial o total de la decidua basal y desarrollo incompleto de la capa de Nitabuch. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 45 años, con antecedente de tres embarazos, dos abortos, una cesárea y amenorrea de 12 semanas. El padecimiento actual se inició dos días antes, con sangrado transvaginal intermitente. A su ingreso a Urgencias se encontró con datos de bajo gasto e inmediatamente pérdida del estado de alerta; tensión arterial 40-20 mmHg, frecuencia cardiaca de 125 lpm. La parte posterior del cuello uterino se encontró dehiscente, con sangrado transvaginal abundante, prueba inmunológica de embarazo positiva, fracción β-GCH de 2878 mU/mL. Al asociar los datos de la exploración física se integró el diagnóstico de aborto incompleto y se ingresó a la unidad tocoquirúrgica, para legrado uterino instrumentado. CONCLUSIONES: De acuerdo con las búsquedas bibliográficas, todo indica que éste es el primer reporte mexicano de un caso de acretismo placentario en el primer trimestre del embarazo. Se sugiere la búsqueda de factores de riesgo que permitan la sospecha y faciliten establecer el diagnóstico de acretismo placentario a partir de las primeras semanas de embarazo para evitar desenlaces obstétricos fatales.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Accretism is the abnormal adherence of the placenta to the myometrium due to partial or total absence of the basal decidua and incomplete development of the Nitabuch's layer. CLINICAL CASE: 45-year-old patient, with a history of three pregnancies, two abortions and one cesarean section; amenorrhea of 12 weeks. The current condition started two days earlier, with intermittent transvaginal bleeding. On admission to the ED she was found to have low output and immediate loss of alertness; blood pressure 40-20 mmHg, heart rate 125 bpm. The posterior cervix was found to be dehiscent, with abundant transvaginal bleeding, positive immunological pregnancy test, HCG fraction 2878 mU/mL. By associating the physical examination data, the diagnosis of incomplete abortion was integrated, and she was admitted to the tocosurgical unit, for instrumented uterine curettage. CONCLUSIONS: According to the bibliographic searches, everything indicates that this is the first Mexican report of a case of placental accretism in the first trimester of pregnancy. It is suggested to search for risk factors that allow suspicion and facilitate the diagnosis of placental accretism from the first weeks of pregnancy to avoid fatal obstetric outcomes.

Fatores de risco para abortamento em um hospital de referência no sul do Brasil: um estudo caso-controle / Risk factors for abortion in a tertiary hospital in south brazil: a case control-study

O estudo teve por objetivo descrever os fatores de risco para o abortamento no Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Tubarão-SC, no período de julho de 2010 a julho de 2011. Foi realizado um estudo caso-controle, onde foram analisados 366 prontuários, sendo 122 casos de pacientes que deram entrada com abortamento e 244 controles de pacientes que tiveram seus partos normalmente. Foi realizada análise descritiva, bivariada e regressão logística, relatando-se o OR e respectivo IC95%. No presente estudo 96,7% dos abortos foram classificados como espontâneos e 3,3% como provocados. Foi observado que as mulheres que não tinham relação estável apresentaram duas vezes mais chances de abortamento do que as que possuíam (OR: 1,98) (p=0,037), assim como as com menos de oito anos de escolaridade (OR:2,03) (p=0,0013). As pacientes tabagistas apresentaram uma chance de aborto aproximadamente sete vezes maior do que as não fumantes (OR:6,49) (p=0,0000013), e uma magnitude de chance semelhante foi encontrada nas pacientes que não possuíam religião (OR:6,87) (p=0,000013). Foi encontrada também uma associação de aborto com aborto prévio, sendo que as que o possuíam apresentaram o dobro de chance em comparação à aquelas que não possuíam aborto anterior (OR: 1,88) (p=0,021). Mulheres que não possuíam parceiro fixo e religião, assim como aquelas que tiveram oito anos ou menos de escolaridade, fumantes e com história de abortamento prévio apresentaram um risco maior de abortamento na análise multivariada.

The objective of this study was to describe the risk factors for abortion at Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Tubarão-SC, from July 2010 to July 2011. A case-control study was carried out, which 366 medical records were analyzed, 122 cases of patients who were admitted with abortion and 244 controls of patients who had their normal deliveries. A descriptive, bivariate and logistic regression analysis was performed, reporting the OR and its 95% CI. In the present study, 96.7% of the abortions were classified as spontaneous and 3.3% as provoked. It was observed that women who had no stable relationship were twice as likely to have an abortion as they had (OR: 1.98) (p = 0.037), as well as those with less than eight years of schooling (OR: 2.03) (p = 0.0013). Smoking patients presented a chance of abortion approximately seven times higher than nonsmokers (OR: 6.49) (p = 0.0000013), and a similar magnitude of chance was found in patients who did not have a religion (OR: 6.87) (p = 0.000013). It was also found an association of abortion with previous abortion, and those who had it presented a double chance compared to those who did not have a previous abortion (OR: 1.88) (p = 0.021). Women who did not have a fixed partner and religion, as well as those who had eight years or less of schooling, smokers and previous history of abortion presented a greater risk of abortion in the multivariate analysis.

Remifentanilo como analgesia complementaria en bloqueo paracervical para aspiracion manual endouterina. Hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso. Cuenca, 2013 / Remifentanil as complementary analgesia in paracervical blocking for endouterine manual aspiration. Hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso. Cuenca, 2013

OBJETIVO:Disminuir el dolor producido por la Aspira-ción Manual Endouterina (AMEU) en pa-cientes que se intervienen bajo bloqueo paracervical. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS:Con un diseño clínico controlado aleato-rizado ciego, se incluyó, 80 pacientes (en dos grupos de 40) seleccionadas para tra-tamiento de aborto incompleto mediante Aspiración Manual Endouterina, en el De-partamento de Gineco-Obstetricia del Hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso. El grupo "A" (n = 40), recibió adicional al bloqueo para-cervical 1 mcg/kg de peso de remifentanil endovenoso como dosis inicial seguida de bolos de 0,5 mcg/kg de peso cada 4 minu-tos y al grupo "B" (n = 40), se realizó el proce-dimiento bajo bloqueo paracervical única-mente; Se determinó la intensidad del dolor mediante la escala visual análoga de 10 puntos, cambios hemodinámicos y efectos secundarios.RESULTADOS:No hay diferencia significativa en los grupos de estudio tanto en edad (p = 0,118), peso (p = 0,522), talla (p = 0,114), IMC (p = 0,668), nivel de instrucción (p = 0,699). La adición de remifentanil, disminuyó el dolor según la EVA de 7,58 grupo "B" con respecto a 2,98 del grupo "A", (p = 0,000); no se tuvo cambios significativos en cuanto a tensión arte-rial media y frecuencia cardiaca (p > 0,05); el efecto secundario que se presentó con diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p = 0,001) es la náusea que es mayor en el gru-po "B".DISCUSIÓN:La adición de remifentanil al bloqueo para-cervical, disminuyó el dolor mediante EVA en un 46%, sin mayor cambio en la hemo-dinamia y con menos efectos secundarios que los que presenta el grupo control (náu-sea 92,3% con p de 0,001).

OBJECTIVE:To reduce the pain of manual vacuum aspi-ration (MVA) in patients involved under pa-racervical block. MATERIALS AND METHODS:In a clinical randomized controlled blind design, 80 patients were included (in two groups of 40) selected for an incomplete treatment of abortion with manual vacuum aspiration, in the Gynecology and Obstetrics Department of the Vicente Corral Moscoso Hospital. The group "A" (n = 40) received ad-ditional to the paracervical block 1 mcg / kg intravenous remifentanil as an initial dose fo-llowed by 0.5 mcg / kg every 4 minutes and the group "B" (n = 40), the procedure was performed only under paracervical. Pain in-tensity was determined by visual analog sca-le of 10 points, hemodynamic changes and side effects. RESULTS:There is no a significant difference in the study groups in both age (p = 0.118), weight (p = 0.522), height (p = 0.114), BMI (p = 0.668), educational level (p = 0.699). The addition of remifentanil, reduced pain according to the EVA of 7.58 group "B" with respect to 2.98 group "A", (p = 0.000); it had no significant changes in arterial pressure and heart rate (p> 0.05); the side effect was presented with statistically significant difference (p = 0.001) it is nausea which is higher in group "B". DISCUSSION:The addition of remifentanil to paracervical block, decreased the pain through EVA by 46%, without much change in hemodyna-mics and with fewer side effects than has the control group (92.3% nausea with p 0.001).

Controversias en el tratamiento del aborto incompleto: AMEU versus tratamiento médico con misoprostol

El aborto incompleto no complicado es una de las emergencias obstétricas más frecuentes que llegan a nuestros establecimientos de salud, ocasionando altos costos en su atención. Existen en la actualidad dos métodos modernos para su manejo: la aspiración manual endouterina (AMEU) y el tratamiento médico con misoprostol, ambos hacen posible el manejo ambulatorio del aborto incompleto, la reducción de los costos para el sistema de salud, y además se brindan dentro de un respeto a los derechos de las mujeres. Se analizan las controversias entre ambas tecnologías y se concluye que tanto el AMEU como el tratamiento con misoprostol son tecnologías modernas que tienen su aplicación dentro de los servicios de ginecología y obstetricia de nuestro país, con la misma seguridad y efectividad por la evidencia que muchos estudios realizados a la fecha nos presentan. Ambas tecnologías deben manejarse dentro de un modelo de atención basado en el respeto a los derechos de las mujeres.

Non-complicated incomplete abortion is one of the most frequent obstetric emergencies in our health facilities, causing high care costs. There are two current modern methods for its attention: manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) and medical treatment with misoprostol, both with the possibility of outpatient management, reducing costs to the health system. Controversies between the two technologies are analyzed and it is concluded that both MVA and misoprostol treatments are modern technologies applicable in gynecology and obstetrics services in our country, with same safety and effectiveness by evidence of many studies conducted.

La calidad de la atención posaborto: un desafío para la salud pública y los derechos humanos / Quality of postabortion care: a public health and human rights challenge

El mejoramiento de la calidad de la atención durante el posaborto busca reducir la morbimortalidad atribuible a los abortos inseguros y prevenir la repitencia de un embarazo no deseado, mediante tecnologías beneficiosas y un abordaje preventivo centrado en la mujer. Este artículo reporta los cambios producidos en la atención posaborto en un hospital público de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Se utilizó un diseño cuasiexperimental para evaluar los cambios asociados a la intervención. En ambas fases del estudio se utilizaron las siguientes estrategias de recolección de información: encuestas a mujeres durante su atención posaborto, encuesta autoadministrada al equipo de salud, observación no participante del proceso de atención. Entre los resultados obtenidos merecen destacarse los cambios en el tiempo de espera de las mujeres para ser atendidas y para la realización del procedimiento y en la oferta de consejería y métodos anticonceptivos antes del alta. A pesar de que el equipo de salud mostró una marcada preferencia por la aspiración manual endouterina (AMEU) y reconoció ampliamente sus beneficios, no hubo una adopción generalizada de la técnica luego de la intervención.

Amelioration of postabortion care seeks to reduce morbidity and mortality related to unsafe abortion and prevent the reoccurrence of unwanted pregnancy through beneficial technologies and a woman-centered approach. This article reports changes in postabortion care in a public hospital in the city of Buenos Aires. A quasi-experimental design was applied to evaluate the changes associated to the intervention. In both stages of the study the following data collection techniques were applied: survey of women during postabortion hospitalization, self-administered survey of heath care team, nonparticipant observation of care process. Within the observed results, changes were noticed in the time women had to wait to receive care and to have the procedure performed, and in the provision of contraceptive counseling and methods before the medical discharge. Even though the health care team showed a strong preference for manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) and widely recognized its benefits, the adoption of such technique was not generalized after the intervention.

Pesquisa sobre o aborto no Brasil: avanços e desafios para o campo da saúde coletiva: [revisão] / Research on abortion in Brazil: gaps and challenges for the public health field: [review]

O texto apresenta um panorama dos estudos sobre aborto no país, no campo da Saúde Coletiva, apontando lacunas e desafios para a investigação. A maioria das pesquisas está concentrada em hospitais públicos, com mulheres admitidas para tratamento do aborto incompleto, restringindo-se portanto aos abortos que apresentaram complicações. Descrevem o perfil das mulheres, métodos e razões para o aborto e conseqüências imediatas para a saúde física. Entretanto, permanecem limites relacionados à necessidade de estudos para mensuração da incidência do aborto; para investigação das especificidades dos óbitos por aborto e casos de morbidade grave; para análise da relação do aborto com anticoncepção; para investigação das repercussões do aborto na saúde mental das mulheres e para incorporação da perspectiva masculina. É urgente o desenvolvimento de pesquisas de avaliação da atenção ao aborto nos serviços públicos. Os resultados dos estudos devem ser divulgados, contribuindo para superar a visão ideologizada da discussão do direito ao aborto no país.

This paper provides a review of abortion studies produced in the field of public health in Brazil, highlighting current research gaps and challenges. Most studies focus on women admitted to public hospitals for treatment of incomplete abortion, so their scope is limited to abortions presenting complications. Women's profiles, abortion methods, motives, and immediate consequences for women's physical health are also included. However, there remains a need for studies on the following aspects: measuring abortion incidence; investigating cases of post-abortion complications and death; analyzing the relationship between abortion and contraception; investigating the impact of abortion on women's mental health; and incorporating men's perspectives. There is an urgent need for evaluative research on abortion care in public services. Research results should be disseminated widely, so as to help overcome any ideological bias in the current debate on abortion rights in the country.

Prevalence of uterine synechia after abortion evacuation curettage

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Intrauterine adhesion (IUA) is a possible complication of uterine curettage following abortion. Because IUA is an important cause of infertility, some investigators have been advocating its inclusion in the routine investigational workup after every abortion curettage procedure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the uterine cavity of patients subjected to abortion curettage, in order to ascertain the prevalence of IUA and its association with social and clinical factors. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a cross-sectional study at the Human Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp). METHODS: A total of 109 women were enrolled. The investigators searched the records of Unicamp's hospital for patients who had been subjected to uterine curettage following abortion. The hysteroscopy was performed 3 to 12 months after the curettage. The correlations between patients' characteristics and the prevalence of IUA were assessed by means of chi-squared and Fisher's exact test calculations. RESULTS: The prevalence of IUA was 37.6 percent. The number of previous abortions and curettage procedures did not correlate with the presence of IUA. Most of the women (56.1 percent) presented IUA grade I. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, 37.6 percent of the women subjected to curettage following abortion had IUA, which was mostly mucous and grade I. None of the demographic and clinic characteristics evaluated were found to be associated with IUA. From this study, there is no firm evidence to justify carrying out routine diagnostic hysteroscopy following abortion evacuation.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: As sinéquias uterinas são complicações que podem ocorrer após curetagem uterina por aborto. Como se trata de causa importante de infertilidade, muitos autores têm indicado uma investigação rotineira após curetagens uterinas por aborto. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a cavidade uterina de pacientes submetidas a curetagem após aborto para detectar a prevalência das sinéquias e a possível associação com alguns fatores sociais e clínicos. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo de corte transversal, realizado na Unidade de Reprodução Humana do Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp). MÉTODOS: 109 mulheres foram submetidas a histeroscopia diagnóstica ambulatorial 3 a 12 meses após curetagem por aborto. Dados clínicos foram obtidos dos prontuários médicos. As correlações entre as características clínicas e a prevalência de sinéquias uterinas foram testadas através do cálculo do qui-quadrado e do teste exato de Fisher. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de sinéquias foi de 37,6 por cento. O número de abortos anteriores e de curetagens não se correlacionou com a presença de sinéquias. A maioria das mulheres (56,1 por cento) apresentou sinéquias grau I. CONCLUSÕES: Neste estudo, 37,6 por cento das mulheres submetidas a curetagem por aborto apresentaram sinéquias, a maioria delas do tipo mucoso e de grau I. Nenhuma das características clínicas e demográficas avaliadas associou-se às sinéquias. Os resultados deste estudo não autorizam indicação rotineira de histeroscopia diagnóstica em pacientes submetidas a curetagem uterina por aborto.